(click on map to enlarge)
In this day and age, cases of cannibalism are quite rare (or medium, or well done – sorry couldn’t resist that one). The barrage of media attention unleashed whenever a case does occur speaks volumes of our fascination with this, one of the darker taboos of humanity. More often than not, these cases are enshrined in popular culture by the movies and books about them that are avariciously devoured by a sensation-hungry public.
Two instances immediately come to mind: the story of Armin Meiwes, the German internet cannibal, who in 2001 sollicited (and, incredibly, found) a victim online, prepared to be prepared into a meal by him; an example of collective cannibalism (and a case more inspired by necessity than depravity) was that of the Uruguayan plane that crashed high in the Andes somewhere in the 1970s, forcing its survivors to tuck into flesh of the deceased.
The word ‘cannibalism’ derives from a Spanish term for the inhabitants of the Caribbean, whom they considered to be man-eating savages (the name of the bad guy in Shakespeare’s The Tempest also derives from the same root: Caliban). Another, less popular term is anthropophagy, Greek for ‘the eating of humans’.
Cannibalism is believed to have been practised by the Neanderthals and, in a more or less ritualistic context, by many ancient (modern) human cultures the world over. The object of the practice seems not to have been hunger so much as power – eating others is the ultimate way of establishing dominance over them, and/or acquiring their strength.
This map, from the German/Austrian publisher A. Hartleben, dating from the early 20th century by the look of it, presents a map of the range of anthropophagy, both contemporary (in red) and historical (in yellow).
Remarkably, Europe is completely cannibal-free. Are there really no historical records of anthropophagy in Europe’s ancient history?
Africa is marked with some historically cannibalistic tribes (Basuto in Southern Africa, Kakongo in the Congo area, Ashanti and the enigmatically named Flups in Western Africa) as well as a few still active ones, mainly in what was then still deepest, darkest Africa: the Niam Niam (this sounds suspiciously onomatopeic), Kissama, Mangbattu and Manyonoa; further south are the Matabele of present-day Zimbabwe.
The whole of Asia is blighted only by the past sins of the Ostiaks, a Siberian tribe and – bet the Dalai Lama never brags about this – the Tibetans.
Indonesia, Micronesia and the rest of Oceania are marked by many contemporary instances of cannibalism, in Australia, New Guinea, Borneo (Dayaks) and Sumatra (Bataks). Maori cannibalism has been stamped out in New Zealand and many (but not all) of the archipelagos to its north.
Anthropophagy was shockingly widespread in North America (according to this map at least), with a continuous swathe of territory marked by the practice, ranging from the east coast (Algonquins, Iroquois) through the Midwest (Chippeway, Dakota) to the west coast (Oregon peoples). Other areas were to be found in Texas (Apache), Louisiane (Atacapa) and Florida.
Cannibalism also was a well-established practice in Mesoamerica (Aztecs, Mayas) and South America (Caribs, Quechua, Tupi) and still ongoing with some Brazilian tribes, notably the Guarani.
It should be remembered that cannibalism probably was over-reported – people in previous centuries being as fascinated by the taboo as we are – and often used as a propaganda tool: cannibalism providing the ultimate yardstick for barbarity, and the ideal excuse to subjugate the peoples accused of it.
Many thanks to Jeremy Schein for providing this map, found here on Wikipedia.
“eating others is the ultimate way of establishing dominance over them, and/or acquiring their strength.”
Also, cannibalism can be a sort of ultimate insult - What can possibly be more insulting to a person than to fecalize them?
Comment by Terry — July 21, 2008 @
[...] July 21, 2008 by Barliman You might want to keep this in your travel kit for the next time you stop to check your directions: the cannibal map of the world. [...]
Pingback by Don’t leave home without it « A Seat By The Fire — July 21, 2008 @
I can not help but wonder to what degree this map is a reflection of the actual practices and to what degree of the propaganda you speak of. The Wikipedia gives 1893 as the date of the map which makes the later theory plausible. If so, this only makes the map all the more fascinating to study.
Comment by Konrad Talmont-Kaminski — July 21, 2008 @
While this map is interesting, all of the maps posted here are, I think it serves a different purpose than shedding light on cannibalism long ago and not so far away.
That being: The utter lack of any evidence of cannibalism in Europe, ancient or modern, points more to the geographic, nationalistic, and racial bias on the part of the publisher. Am I to believe it was only and is only Africans, Asians and American Indians who eat other humans? According to this map? Yes.
Armin Meiwes knew better.
Comment by Logan — July 21, 2008 @
Remarkably, Europe is completely cannibal-free. Are there really no historical records of anthropophagy in Europe’s ancient history?
Cannibalism in Europe has in modern times have occurred during famines, especially in the eastern Europe. Some stories about werewolves may originally have been about cannibalistic individuals.
Haven’t heard of any historical records of actual ritualistic cannibalism or cannibal tribes in Europe. But there’s clear evidence of cannibalism in prehistoric Europe. Bit odd if ancient Greeks etc. have no records of European cannibals, though.
BTW, one should bear in mind that the map was drawn in a time when Europeans were seen superior to other races. Whoever prepared the map may not have been exactly impartial.
Comment by Dunkleosteus — July 21, 2008 @
Some months ago I saw a documentary in which a reporter interviewed a Mai-Mai group (armed bandits in Central Congo) who claimed, on camera, to eat their enemies. The LRA in North-West Uganda is also supposed to practice cannibalism (as Wikipedia mentions); Idi Amin (who was from that area) has been accused of the same.
The cited reason is the same: obtaining power over the spirit of the person one has killed.
Comment by Reinier Post — July 21, 2008 @
I once knew someone of Cantonese descent who claims that some groups in that region of China are proud of their “savage, tribal, cannibalistic past”. He certainly was!
I also seem to recall reading or hearing somewhere about cases of cultural cannibalism in which it’s considered honor for the deceased to be eaten by their family/people instead of decomposing.
Comment by Steg (dos iz nit der šteg) — July 21, 2008 @
I think one of the main reasons for the lack of European coverage here is the fact that during written history (!) cannibalism was seen as an ultimate taboo. Even those occurings during famines (as mentioned above) were due to necessity.
Maybe some traditions survived into the medieval or modern times, they were not reported as frequent though and mostly would have been found/are found as traces in your odd fairy tale (ogres, giants, witches eating humans esp. children), which, after all, were social utilities to teach people not to do stupid things (like stealing candy from a witches house, or having dealings with big and furry, uhm, wolves…)
The occurences on this map were most likely where the author had scientific prove (meaning: tales from travellers) of those occurences. That said… science, esp. anthropology, back then wasn’t as knowledgable as they wanted to be…
Comment by Crescent — July 21, 2008 @
How about the (current) practice of eating the placenta after giving birth. Is that considered cannibalism?
Comment by jimmylegs — July 21, 2008 @
Cuando en 1536 fué fundada buenos aire hubo una gran hambruna durante la cual los espàñoles practicaron canibalismo para sobrevivir luego de comer todo lo masticable. El mapa no lo muestra obiamente.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Buenos_Aires_shortly_after_its_foundation_1536.png
(supongo que la zona está pintada por la presencia de tribus guaranies en el delta que si practicaron canibalismo como pudo experimentar el español solis en carne propia)
Saludos. Muy buen la página
Comment by Zarce — July 21, 2008 @
If you read Juvenal (Roman satirist, etc), he discusses, briefly, cannibalism. I think it’s the 10th Satire, but it’s been a little bit since I read it. He cites an example of cannibalism in Egypt, which, conveniently, goes unmarked on the current map, which is not caused by being besieged or anything. A victorious raiding party eats one of their victims raw.
Also, in Tacitus’ Agricola, a western German/Belgian-area tribe, the Usipii practice cannibalism as they circumnavigate Britain.
So, really, I suppose Egypt and Germany/Britain should be marked on there. I’ll try to add any more examples I can think of as they come to me.
Comment by Andrew C. — July 21, 2008 @
Overlay map #297 with map #299 — let the cannibals know where the good eatin’ is at.
Comment by CortxVortx — July 21, 2008 @
A cave near Clovelly is said to have housed the bloodthirsty Greggs, a family of cannibals who, in the 18th century, robbed, killed and ate some 1,000 victims.
Comment by lordhutton — July 21, 2008 @
The map is kind of ethnocentric to the advantage of the Western world. In the caves of Atapuerca (Spain) evidence of cannibalism that happened thousands of years ago has been found. It has happened everywhere, wherever humans live, you just need to go back in time long enough. This is not a political statement, though, as being ethnocentric is what belongs to its time. If we have to draw it today, we would add the century of occurrence to the map.
Comment by alfanje — July 21, 2008 @
The Catholics practice ritualized cannibalism every time they engage in the sacrament of Communion so I guess a modern version of this map would have much more red on it.
Comment by Geomaniac — July 21, 2008 @
The yellow must have faded, looks green to me. Geomaniac, that is an absurd remark, though not a new one, that is one of the accusations leveled against early Christians and one of the reasons used to martyr them in Rome.
Comment by Liam — July 21, 2008 @
Scotland’s infamous Sawney Bean and his clan favored “long pig.” They supposedly noshed down 30 or 40 people. Guess it depends on whether or not you consider Scotland part of Europe.
link to Wikipedia
Comment by A.L. Sirois — July 21, 2008 @
In Shamans, Sorcerers, and Saints: A Prehistory of Religion, Brian Hayden notes the following in Chapter 9 “Celts and Saxons Embellish Western Rites” (p.316): “One of the strongest indications that secret societies featuring elite or warrior cults existed from the Neolithic period onward is the recurring discovery of evidence for cannibalism, usually in secluded places like caves far away from normal living areas. Particularly macabre remains were found at Byci skala Cave in Bohemia, where animals and women were sacrificed and mutilated in the sixth century B.C.E.”
Comment by C. — July 21, 2008 @
For the record, “niam-niam” is the equivalent of “yummy” in Polish language :)
Comment by szeryf — July 21, 2008 @
[...] to just repost sometimes than to bother looking something up, right? Anyways, their latest post, Niam Niam: the Cannibal Map of the World provides the quality reading I’ve come to [...]
Pingback by The Ultimate Insult | Blog Archive | Strange Maps — July 21, 2008 @
Cannibalism is (or was) widespread in China, usually in times of famine but occurring as late as the Cultural Revolution of the 60s. There’s even an old Chinese expression “swap child, make food” that refers to the practice of swapping your child for a neighbors’ and eating it. I recommend Jasper Becker’s HUNGRY GHOSTS for what happened during the Great Leap Forward. The practice of eating your enemy’s liver is also common in the Orient (Japan, Vietnam, China, etc.) and is said to have occurred during the Vietnam War.
Comment by Will T. Power — July 21, 2008 @
The Golden Bough (started publication before the date of this map, finished after) mentions ritual and symbolic cannibalism in association with Dionysian rituals in Greece; Frazer gives at least one instance a strong association with the Christian communion.
Frazer’s other mentions of cannibalism - Sioux, south-east African, Ashante, New Granadan - correspond roughly to locations on this map; I’m guessing the Greeks are exonerated on grounds of being European, but whether they’re also excluded in order to avoid implicating similar Christian rituals is difficult to say.
Comment by Sam Kabo Ashwell — July 21, 2008 @
My ‘tribe’ in New Zealand, the Ngati Porou is reportedly one of the last tribes in NZ to practice cannibalism. I’m very proud of that fact!
:-)
Comment by ghoul13 — July 21, 2008 @
[...] 299 - Niam Niam: the Cannibal Map of the World [image] (click on map to enlarge) In this day and age, cases of cannibalism are quite rare (or medium, or well done [...] [...]
Pingback by Top Posts « WordPress.com — July 22, 2008 @
There is a reference in Montaigne’s essay, “On Cannibals” in his Essais, of an instance of cannibalism in the ancient world. He cites Juvenal reporting on Caesar’s blockade of Alexia, where the inhabitants decided to relieve their hunger by eating the bodies of the old men, women and other persons incapable of fighting, “Vascones, fama est, alimentis talibus usi produxere animas”. Juvenal, XV, 93.
Comment by kintopp — July 22, 2008 @
Forgot to add that just before this in the same essay, Montaigne says that Chrysippus and Zeno, both stoics, claimed that there was no harm in using a dead body, “for any need of our own..”.
Comment by kintopp — July 22, 2008 @
The “enigmatically named Flups” refers to the Ejamat (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eja).
Comment by Mikael Parkvall — July 22, 2008 @
Could “Niam Niam” possibly come from the African deity Nyame?
Comment by mark — July 22, 2008 @
It’s interesting to look how they didn’t know the exact shape of Greenland and northern Canada yet in 1893.
Comment by SG — July 22, 2008 @
[...] » noticia original [...]
Pingback by Strange maps: Mapa del canibalismo | Teléfonos móviles, adsl, gadgets y juegos. — July 22, 2008 @
I think the map differentiates cannibalism in a remarkable uninformative way: no cannibalism; fully practicising; only limited practicising or stopped practicising in historical times.
The last category strikes me as odd. Would be interesting to read the accompanying text but unfortunately Google Books only has editions from 1894 onwards.
Comment by Patric Mueller — July 22, 2008 @
The franks were once cannibals, during the crusade…
Comment by Tony — July 22, 2008 @
Liam, I agree with you that the idea that Catholics practice cannibalism during communion is absurd. However, the absurdity lies in the very real church dogma that upon being blessed the communion wafers do quite literally turn into the flesh of Christ while the wine turns into his blood. I stress, this is not supposed to be metaphorical change but literal change - the most ridiculous claim perhaps being that it is OK that these still taste like wafers and wine because it is their essence that has changed and not their properties. So, if one believes in the church dogma, one believes to have eaten the flesh of Christ. If you think that people do not treat this claim seriously you should read the death threats being received by PZ Myers because of his public promise to desecrate blessed communion wafers. More importantly, I wonder at the mechanism underlying the fact that Catholics never think of communion as cannibalism - to what degree it is that they don’t know or don’t treat seriously the dogma and to what degree it is just people having one set of rules for themselves and a different one for others.
Comment by Konrad Talmont-Kaminski — July 22, 2008 @
The connection to Tibet and cannibalism could have come from the use of human remains in Buddhist religious rites (thigh bone trumpets, skull bowls), the meditation on a corpse throughout decomposition, and the older practices of the Bön religion. Ritual cannibalism also exists in some Hindu Tantric sects in India.
I witnessed a Sadhu of the Aghori sect snatch a piece of human flesh from a cremation fire in Varanasi and put it in his mouth. It was met with awe from those present.
Comment by Jim — July 22, 2008 @
[...] en Strange Maps vía [...]
Pingback by Mapa del canibalismo en el mundo « Mare Magnum — July 22, 2008 @
I think one can not completely eliminate all doubt that there were no political influences on the charter of this map. In 1884 the Berlin Conference (here in Germany known as the Kongokonferenz) regulated the partition and assignment of nearly the whole contintent of Africa. Germany, which started colonising and protecting estates claimed by German merchants, was awarded Cameroon (amongst other things) by this act. By this time the German Reich possessed colonies in different parts of Africa and different islands and archipelagoes in the Pacific Ocean.
I think it is possible that two different facts had influence on this map: On the one hand the German Reich wanted to consolidate the power in its colonies by prevailing upon German entrepeneurs to found new factories or transshipment points for local goods. During the time of Colonialism the German people was both fascinated of “the savages” and willing to pay for anything related to them. Different zoos in Germany showed exhibits of tribes from different German colonies.
On the other hand the German made any propaganda efforts possible to interfere in British affairs because at that time the United Kingdom was the biggest industrial, colonial and world power at the same time.
Furthermore I think one who charts anthropophagic has to distinct between occurences by their cultural relevance. I read a couple of books about ethnologic issues such as cannibalism or mutilation as part of initiation rites or tribal “wars” (Many of them cannot be descirbed as “wars” since they are part of cultural “events”.) and all of them only gave account for remarkable occurences.
I think it is rather reasonable not to include cannibalism that has not been part of the fundamental rites practiced by the majority of that place and time. A few of the ancient mystery cults are estimated to include cannibal ceremonies but most of them existed only for a short time at a definite location and were secret to most of the people. This is why it would not be reasonable to include such occurences.
Anyway I think this map of anthropophagy has a value not to be underestimated.
Comment by earlmobile — July 22, 2008 @
Europe didn’t need cannibals. It had lawyers and politicians - which do you prefer?!!!!! :-)
Comment by Dave — July 22, 2008 @
I believe the Internet phrase for enjoying food is “Om Nom Nom”.
Comment by Yuval — July 22, 2008 @
Can someone prove, that Khanty people (”Ostjaken” on the map) practiced cannibalism?
Maybe it is about the Russian misinterpretation of the name of Samoyed people, which in Russian is understood as ’samo’ and ‘yed’, which means “self-eater”. In fact, Samoyed (=Saamod) was originally a self-naming of Nenets people, like Lapps have the self name Sami.
Note, the map is made in Vienna, Austrian never liked the Finno-Ugric Hungarians!
Comment by Szabo Pal (Budapest) — July 22, 2008 @
@konrad: Your claim that the church dogma is literal needs some more substance. I was raised a catholic and we were clearly taught it was symbolic, though traditions differ around the world (which makes some of this confusing). Interestingly, the claim that early Christians were cannibals was supposedly one of the arguments the romans used in their persecution. (so we’re not completely off topic here)
You also claim that death threats prove that the literal interpretation is common. First of all, blessed wafers are considered, well, blessed so desecrating them is indeed hurtful to catholics, without it having to be the literal body of Christ. Second of all, trying to judge an entire religion on the basis of what some nutcases do (who go in against their own religion!) is never a good idea and is what’s wrong with a lot of similar commentary on Islam.
Comment by wds — July 22, 2008 @
-=- Your claim that the church dogma is literal needs some more substance. -=-
TRANsubstance? Interesting that you came up with “substance” in a discussion of transsubstantiation. wds, if you were told it was symbolic, it was your church that went against dogma. It’s not “some nutcases” do. How many priests have said how many times “body and blood of Christ”?
Comment by Sandra Dodd — July 22, 2008 @
Wds, you raise a couple of important points. I’ll try to respond to them one by one. The view that the flesh of Christ is symbolic only was traditionally seen as anathema - sufficient grounds to be thrown out of the church and, supposedly, become unable to enter heaven till you repent. The theological views concerning transubstantiation of course tried to differentiate between communion and cannibalism but the basic fact was that wafers were seen as literally Christ’s flesh (the substance was meant to be changed when they were blessed - I was incorrect to say ‘essence’ in the previous comment).
If I gave the idea that I think all Catholics are nutters, I apologise. My mother is a Catholic, my wife is a Catholic. Most of the time I do not think either is a nutter (my mother-in-law may be another matter). Getting back to the nutty-flavoured, however, a number of them have claimed that desecrating a wafer is assaulting the person of Christ so in attacking PZ Myers they could claim they are defending another person from harm.
To try and bring this back to the topic, I wonder to what degree the reports of ’savages’ eating people might be also due to ‘misinterpretation’ (i.e. treating seriously) of beliefs such as those surrounding transubstantiation?
Comment by Konrad Talmont-Kaminski — July 22, 2008 @
If you’re interested in the Catholic doctrine regarding the host, here is a discussion that could be of some interest.
Comment by Marc — July 22, 2008 @
This post does a splendid job of pointing out this map’s gross inaccuracies and omissions. We continue the debunking at http://apocryphist.blogspot.com/2008/07/pleased-to-eat-you.html
Comment by The Apocryphist — July 22, 2008 @
“Particularly macabre remains were found at Byci skala Cave in Bohemia, where animals and women were sacrificed and mutilated in the sixth century B.C.E.”
this is utter nonsense.
Parzinger, Nekvasil, Barth: Die Byci skala-Höhle, 1995 proves that only 11 of 40 (incomplete) skeletons were positively females (17 males), only 2 out of 40 deadheads showed ANY cut marks. Heinrich Wankel in 1882 just messed up a complicated archeological site for a gory story (as did Schliemann with Troy).
Comment by Dirk "Festus" Festerling — July 22, 2008 @
By coincidence, I’ve just recently read Jules Verne’s debut novel “Five Weeks in a Balloon”, which describes a jouney over Africa (in a balloon, obviously). He mentions that the name Niam-Niam (a joint term for numerous related tribes) was indeed onomatopeic. Those people would shout “niam niam” upon seeing non-members of their tribes - for example Europeans - to express their wish of eating them, and possibly cause fear, which would make the job of catching and killing those poor guys easier. That’s the story of this name, according to Verne at least.
Comment by ArCgon — July 22, 2008 @
ewwwwww….
Comment by Clasidog — July 22, 2008 @
http://nbainsidestuff.wordpress.com/2008/07/19/great-classic-commericals/
Comment by Jack Wilson — July 22, 2008 @
“Niam Niam” or “NOM NOM NOM”??
Comment by choinski — July 22, 2008 @
German crusaders reportedly ate Muslim children but didn’t regard themselves as canniabls because they regarded the Muslims as sub human.
Comment by kjohn — July 22, 2008 @
I think Indonesia and Borneo is categorized under Asia.
I’m a Dayak and yes ritualistic cannibalism is long dead. What was more prevalent is head hunting, with the purpose of showing strength and gaining power. You can still see some longhouses with skulls displaed, although most have been returned and buried now.
However, East and North Borneo is under Malaysia while West Borneo is under Indonesia and there has been rumours of cannibalism there (West Borneo) even now by the poeple of Madura, who hunts down each other and local enemies.
Comment by pervertism101 — July 23, 2008 @
We are indeed self-cannbalizing as i write. Devouring ourselves through materialism, devouring the resources of self and planet, devouring ourselves using money as a distorted form of spirituality, gratifying every wierd and mostrous appetite for our own sexual purposes, devouring the beast that will not be satiated because we are too afraid to name it. thus the ghosts inhabit the underworld of the archetypal dinner table and venomous demons haunt the underbelly of our psyches. It all has to stop; that requires courage.
Make a good passage and may the stars of winter shine upon your journey in the ice country.
Regards
Kate McNmara
Comment by katemcnamara — July 23, 2008 @
My German isn’t great, so could somebody give a translation of the legend that’s in the upper-right corner of the map?
Comment by Robert — July 23, 2008 @
Sorry, meant upper-left.
Comment by Robert — July 23, 2008 @
Re: #52
What’s this? Poetry night at the Goth bar?
Comment by CortxVortx — July 23, 2008 @
[...] | In Maps | Tags: canibalism, map, north america, Siberia, world I found this curious map thanks to Strange Maps - one of the most curious blogs ever, by the way - last week. Of course it can not be considered as [...]
Pingback by Are you hungry? « — July 24, 2008 @
Not to throw oil on the fire, but… I read an account of mercenaries in the Congo many years ago, written by a Belgian anthropologist who claimed that cannibalism was unknown in the Congo prior to the coming of Christian missionaries. He implied that it was a misunderstanding of the doctrine of trans-substantiation that led to the practice of cannibalism. No idea as to how accurate that claim was. He also claimed that the pots in cartoons had a basis in fact. Witch doctors had their followers steal the great iron pots from sugar plantations that were used to reduce the cane juice to cake. The pots supposedly had spirits of their own (not unbelievable in an animist tradition) that were kept pacified with monkey meat during times of peace, but required human meat in times of war. Whatever, by the 1960s, again according to a report, one Cuban refugee flying in the Congo for the CIA was identified when U.N. forces recovered his arm, hanging from a hook in a local meat market, after they took the town. Sorry I can’t provide a cite on the Belgian book, entitled “Les Mercenaires” but it has been too many years…
Comment by lirelou — July 26, 2008 @
“The object of the practice seems not to have been hunger so much as power – eating others is the ultimate way of establishing dominance over them, and/or acquiring their strength.”
Certainly the stated ritualistic goal differs from culture to culture, but looking at the map, I would suspect that the original goal that cannibalism arose was practical. It seems that most of the cultures that incorporate cannibalism are situated in particularly inhospitable environments — places that do not allow agriculture and do not have much domesticable or particularly digestible fauna. In these situations, the original settlers must have took desperate measures, and thought up religious justifications afterwards. It’s a rather macabre testament to humanity’s will to survive regardless of the circumstances.
Comment by Wilson — July 26, 2008 @
Several Amazon tribes practiced cannibalism as a way of honoring their dead and would react with disgust at the thought of eating an enemy. This only stopped with the introduction of Christianity in the mid-20th century.
I’ve also read some accounts of Basuto (Le/sotho) culture and do not recall any tradition of cannibalism.
Speaking as an Anthropology major, the eating of one’s enemies should be considered a completely separate phenomenon from eating one’s friends or family. The ritual aspects are just too different.
Also, according to some rabbinic commentators, another reason the Torah forbids pork is because of its similarity in flavor to ‘long pork’ aka people. Cool, huh?
Comment by dsivis — July 27, 2008 @
i can nibble on anyone i want to!!!
Comment by eic — July 28, 2008 @
Minor quibble: I don’t think it’s accurate to describe Shakespeare’s Caliban as the bad guy. The Tempest is in some ways strangely postmodern–the characters aren’t quite that black and white. In any case, your overall point, is true, Caliban is something of a wild man…
Comment by andrew — July 31, 2008 @
Shakespeare - canibals ?
what is the conection ?
Comment by samuel — August 5, 2008 @
Legend:
pink: still in full practice
green: only in limited practice or dissolved in historical times
(I’m translating as literally as possible.)
Comment by rp — August 19, 2008 @
nice blog
Comment by Article-Magazine.org — August 27, 2008 @
woooow! very big procent hannibalism in usa…
Comment by stilllway — August 30, 2008 @